MikroElektronika PIC Microcontrollers PIC16 Manual do Utilizador

mikroBASICDevelop your applications quickly and easily with the world'smost intuitive Basic compiler for PIC Microcontrollers (familiesPIC12, PIC

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersAlso, Code Editor has feature to comment or uncomment selected block of codeby simple cli

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersSyntax of do..loop statement is:dostatement_1...statement_Nloop until expressionwhere exp

Syntax of while statement is:while expression statement_0statement_1...statement_NwendExpression is tested first. If it returns True, all the followin

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For example, when handling the interrupts from TMR0(if no other interrupts are allowed):sub procedure interruptcounter = counter + 1TMR0 = 96INTCON =

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Built-in andLibrary RoutinesMikroElektronika: Development tools - Books - CompilersC H A P T E R3mikroBasic provides a number of built-in and li

Code Explorer is placed to the left of the main window by default, and gives clearview of every declared item in the source code. You can jump to decl

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersmikroBasic compiler incorporates a set of built-in functions and procedures. Theyare prov

SetBit(PORTB,2)' set PORTB bit RB2 to value 1ClearBit(PORTC,7)' clear PORTC bit RC7TestBit(PORTA,2)' returns 1 if PORTA bit RA2 is 1, a

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersLibrary procedures and functions represent a set of routines. This collection offunctions

1-wire library provides routines for communicating via 1-wire bus, for examplewith DS1820 digital thermometer.Note that oscillator frequency Fosc need

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersprogram onewiredim i as bytedim j1 as bytedim j2 as byte dim por1 as byte dim por2 as byt

Figure (example of DS1820 on portc, pin 2)mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers110mikroBASICMikroElektronika: Development to

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersADC (Analog to Digital Converter) module is available with a number of PICMCU models. Lib

program ADC_Testdim temp_res as wordmain:ADCON1 = $80' configure analog inputs and VrefTRISA = $ff' designate PORTA as inputTRISB = $3F&ap

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersCAN (Controller Area Network) module is available with a number of PIC MCUmodels. mikroBa

sub procedure CANSetOperationMode(dim mode as byte, dim WAIT as byte)mode - Operation mode code can take any of predefined constant values (see the co

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CAN must be in Configuration mode or else these values will be ignored. SJW value as defined in 18XXX8 datasheet (must be between 1 thru 4)BRP value

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollerssub procedure CANSetFilter(dim CAN_FILTER as byte, dim val as longint,dim CAN_CONFIG_FLAG

sub function CANwrite(dim id as longint, dim byref Data as byte[8],dim DataLen as byte, dim CAN_TX_MSG_FLAGS as byte) as byteCAN must be in Normal mod

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersYou need to be familiar with constants that are provided for use with CAN libraryroutines

These constant values define flags related to reception of a CAN message. Therecould be more than one this flag ANDed together to form multiple flags.

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThese constant values define filter codes. Routine CANSetFilter() requires thiscode as on

This code demonstrates use of CAN library routines:program CANdim aa as bytedim aa1 as bytedim lenn as bytedim aa2 as bytedim data as byte[8]dim id as

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers' ..continuedcont = true' upon signal change on RB0 pinwhile cont' fro

Example of interfacing CAN transceiver with MCU and busmikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers124mikroBASICMikroElektronika: De

After you have set up your project, select OK push button in New Project Wizarddialog box. mikroBasic will create project for you and automatically op

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersSPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) module is available with a number of PIC MCUmodels. Set

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersYou need to be familiar with constants that are provided for use with CANSPIlibrary routi

'..continuedaa1 = CAN_TX_PRIORITY_BITS andCAN_TX_FRAME_BIT andCAN_TX_RTR_BIT' prepare flags for CANSPIwrite functionCANSPIInitialize( 1,2,3,

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersExample of interfacing CAN transceiver MCP2551 and MCP2510 with MCUand busMikroElektronik

Compact Flash Library provides routines for accessing data on Compact Flashcard (abbrev. CF further in text). CF cards are widely used memory elements

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIn this configuration, LED will emit light when voltage on pin is high (5V), andwill be o

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This code demonstrates use of CF library procedures and functions.program CompactFlashdim i as worddim temp as longintdim k as longintmain:TRISC = 0&a

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersFigure: Pin diagram of Compact Flash memory cardMikroElektronika: Development tools -

EEPROM data memory is available with a number of PIC MCU models. Set oflibrary procedures and functions is listed below to provide you comfortable wor

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersI2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) full master MSSP (Master Synchronous Serial Port)module is

After configuring the I2C master mode, you have the following functions and pro-cedures at your disposal:sub function I2C_start as byteDetermines if I

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers' Example of communication with 24c02 EEPROMprogram BasicI2cdim EE_adr as bytedim EE

Figure: I2C interfacing EEPROM 24C04 to PIC MCUmikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers144mikroBASICMikroElektronika: Developmen

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersmikroBasic provides a set of library procedures and functions for communicatingwith commo

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersprogram lcd18dim text as char[16]main:TRISB = 0' designate portb as outputLcd_Init(P

CCP (Capture/ Compare/ PWM) module is available with a number of PIC MCUmodels. Set of library procedures and functions is listed below to provide com

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThis code demonstrates use of PWM library procedures and functions. If pin RC2is connecte

RS485 is a multipoint communication which allows multiple devices to be con-nected to a single signal cable. mikroBasic provides a set of library rout

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollerssub procedure RS485master_initUSART needs to be initialized (USART_init) NoneInitializes

sub procedure RS485master_write(dim byref data as byte[2],dim datalen as byte, dim address as byte)MCU must be initialized as Master in 485 communicat

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollerssub procedure RS485slave_write(dim byref data as byte[2],dim datalen as byte)MCU must be

program pr485dim dat as byte[8]' buffer for receiving/sending messagesdim i as bytedim j as bytesub procedure interruptif TestBit(RCSTA,OERR) = 1

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersWe will use the Step Over option (Run > Step Over or F8) to execute the currentprogram

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersFigure: Example of interfacing PC to PIC MCU via RS485 busMikroElektronika: Development

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) module is available with a number of PIC MCUmodels. Set of library procedures and functions is listed below to provi

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersExample:SPI_init(Master_OSC_div4, Data_SAMPLE_MIDDLE,LK_Idle_LOW,LOW_2_HIGH)This will set

Parameter lth_htl determines transmit edge for data. It can have the following val-ues:In order to keep this working, you shouldn't override the

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThe folowing code demonstrates how to use SPI library procedures and functions.Same examp

Figure: Example of interfacing MAX7219 with PIC MCU via SPImikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers160mikroBASICMikroElektronika:

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersUSART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) hardwaremodule is availab

sub procedure USART_Init(const Baud_Rate)Parameter Baud_rate is the desired baud rate;Example:USART_init(2400)This will initialize PIC MCU USART hardw

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersprogram RS232comdim Received_byte as bytemain:USART_init(2400)' initialize USART mo

These routines convert byte, short, word, and integer to string. You can get textrepresentation of numerical value by passing it to one of the routine

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThe following code demonstrates use of library procedure ShortToStr. Exampleprints the co

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CHAPTER 1 mikroBasic IDELearn all about our advanced integrated environment. Create projects, debug your code, view statistics, and much more. CHAPTER

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersMake sure that window containing the file you want to print is the active window. Select

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersChapter 1.Integrated Development Environment - IDE22mikroBASICMikroElektronika: Develop

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersProcedures (Details) WindowDisplays complete call tree, along with details for each proce

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CHAPTER 1: mikroBasic IDE 1Quick Overview 1Code Editor 3Basic Editor Features 3Advanced Editor Features 4Code Explorer 6Creating First Project 7

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers7 Segment Display Decoder7seg Display Decoder is a convenient visual panel which returns

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersBasic Editor shortcutsF3 Find, Find NextCTRL+A Select AllCTRL+C CopyCTRL+F Fin

mikroBasic ReferenceMikroElektronika: Development tools - Books - CompilersC H A P T E R2‘Why Basic?’, you may wonder. Well, the answer is simpl

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIdentifiers are names used for referencing the stored values, such as variables andconsta

The following keywords (reserved words) cannot be redefined or used as identi-fiers.In mikroBasic, all SFR (Special Function Registers) are defined as

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersType determines the allowed range of values for variable, and which operationsmay be perf

Array is a set of data stored in consecutive memory locations. Defining an arrayand manipulating its elements is simple. Elements of array are always

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersFor example:dim size as longint[10]occupies 40 RAM locations (bytes).program Array_testdi

String represents a sequence of characters. String type is similar to array, but canhold only characters.dim M_name as string[16]dim Start_message as

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersAssignment And Implicit Conversion 65Implicit Conversion And Legal Expressions 69Operat

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersNumeric constants can be represented in decimal, binary, or hexadecimal numbersystem.In d

Constant is data whose value cannot be changed during the runtime. Every con-stant is declared under unique name which must be a valid identifier. It

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersconst MaxAllowed = 234const K_a = -32766const Max = 1000if teA > Max then teA = teA -

Symbol makes possible to replace expression with a single identifier alias. Use ofsymbols increases the reusability and flexibility of code.BASIC synt

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mikroBasic recycles local variable memory space - local variables declared in dif-ferent functions and procedures share same memory space, if possible

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersprogram TRIALinclude "other.pbas"' You can declare variables in the progra

Any valid variable can be used after it has been declared:tA = 36' assign new value to the existing variabletC = tA + tB' perform any kind o

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DISCLAIMER:The mikroBASIC compiler and this manual are owned by MikroElektronika and is protectedby copyright law and international copyright treaty.

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersYou cannot mix signed and unsigned data types in expressions with arithmetic orlogical op

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersStatements define algorithmic actions within a program. Simple statements - likeassignmen

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersWe recommend careful use of absolute directive, because you may overlap twovariables by m

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThis means that the procedure callpr1_procedure(tA, tB, tC, tD)passes tA and tB by the va

In mikroBasic, use the keyword Result to assign the return value of a function. Example:dim locS as wordlocS = par1 + par2Result = locSend subAs funct

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sub program Stack_overflowsub procedure interruptnopend subsub procedure proc0nopend subsub procedure proc1proc0end subsub procedure proc2proc1end sub

mikroBasic IDEMikroElektronika: Development tools - Books - CompilersmikroBasic is a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment, and is mu

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersEach project consists of a single project file, and one or more module files. Tobuild a p

mikroBasic variables defined at the beginning of the module are global hiddenvariables. When you declare an identifier at the beginning of a module, y

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Scope, or identifier visibility, determines if identifier can be referenced in certainpart of the program code. Location of identifier declaration in

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersFor example, in a function declaration:sub function Com(dim R as byte) as bytedim B as ch

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersOrganization of other modules should have the following form:module unit_name' unit

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersSpecial case is conversion between signed and unsigned. It is important to under-stand th

Example 2:Explicit conversion can also be used when you are sure which type you want toconvert expression to. Consider the following lines:dim tA as b

Code Editor features adjustable Syntax Highlighting, Code Assistant, ParametersAssistant, Auto Correct for common typos, and Code Templates. Code brow

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For signed types :dim B_ as integerdim A_ as short...A_ = -10B_ = A_ ' B becomes -10In hex representation, this means that the higher byte is

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIn order to fully understand this, we should recollect the data types.Data type determine

As already stated, destination will store the correct value only if it can properlyrepresent the result of the expression (that is, the result fits in

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersMikroElektronika: Development tools - Books - CompilersmikroBASICmaking it simple..

- If one operand is byte and another is word, byte is converted in word.- If one operand is short and another is integer, short is converted to intege

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersr = expressionRefer to chapter Assignment and Implicit Conversion for details.When adding

if A > B then ...if A > 47 then ...if A + B > A ...First, compiler evaluates the expression on the left. During runtime, result is storedin a

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersThere are three types of operators in mikroPascal:Arithmetic OperatorsLogical (Bitwise) O

You cannot mix signed and unsigned data types in expressions with arithmetic orlogical operators. If you need to combine signed with unsigned, you wil

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersNotes for Relation OperatorsComparing variable or constant to variable or constant will a

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIf number is converted from less complex to more complex data type, upper bytesare filled

Unary arithmetic operators can be used to change sign of variables:a = 3b = -a' assign value -3 to bPIC microcontrollers are optimized to work wi

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersBoolean operators are not true operators, because there is no boolean data typedefined in

<< : shift left the operand for a number of bit places specified in the right operand(must be positive and less then 255).>> : shift right

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIf number is converted from less complex to more complex data type, upper byteis filled w

main:Sbb = $OFF0Saa = $0aSbb = Sbb and Sa ' Bb becomes $0000end.In this case, Sa is treated as an integer with the upper byte equal to $00 (thi

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers' You cannot mix signed and unsigned data types in' expressions with logical o

Relation operators (Comparison Operators) are commonly used in conditional andloop statements to control the program flow.In general case:Expression1

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mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersIf one operand is byte and another is word, byte is converted in word.If one operand is s

Comparing variables and constants always produces the correct results regardlessof the operands' type.if A > B then ...if A > 47 then ...if

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersConditional statements control which part(s) of the program will be executed,depending on

Select Case statement is used for selecting one of several available branches in theprogram course. It consists of a selector variable as a switch con

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersselect case Wcase 0B = 1PORTB = Bcase 1A = 1PORTA = A case elsePORTB = 0end selec

There are two forms of if statement:Syntax of if..then statement is:if expression then statementsend ifwhere expression returns a True or False value.

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersCompiler treats the construction like this:if expression1 then [ if expression2 thenstate

Loops are a specific way to control the program flow. By using loops, you canexecute a sequence of statements repeatedly, with a control condition or

mikroBASIC- Basic Compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollersFor statement requires you to specify the number of iterations you want the loopto go thr

Here is a simple example of a for loop used for emitting hex code on PORTB for7-segment display with common cathode. Nine digits will be printed with